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====== LARA Fundamentals ======

==== Aspects ====
Aspectdef definition

<code lara>
aspectdef MyFirstAspect // The main aspect is the first declared in the file
   // aspect code
end

aspectdef ASecondAspect // An aspect that can be called in the main aspect
   // aspect code
end
</code>


==== Select ====

Select with full join point chain:

<code lara>
select program.file.function.body.loop end
</code>

Select with only last join point. The chain is induced, produces the same result as above:

<code lara>
select loop end
</code>

Assign the selected join points to a variable for later use:

<code lara>
LOOPS: select loop end
</code>

Assign an alias for specific join points:

<code lara>
select ($p=loop).($c=loop) end
</code>
==== Apply ====

Apply after a select:

<code lara>
select loop end
apply
    println($loop.rank);
end
</code>

Apply on a previously selected set of join points:

<code lara>
apply to LOOPS
    println($loop.rank);
end
</code>

It is possible to perform a natural join on two sets of join points:

<code lara>
LOOP_START: 	select function.body.loop.($loop_start = first) end
FUNCTION_FIRST: select function.body.first end

apply to LOOP_START::FUNCTION_FIRST  
    // Init counters at the beginning of the function
    $first.insert before%{counter_[[$loop.uid]] = 0;}%;

    // Increment counters when entering the loop
    $loop_start.insert before%{counter_[[$loop.uid]] = counter_[[$loop.uid]] +1;}%;

    // ...
end
</code>

Use of join points with aliases inside the apply statement:

<code lara>
select ($p=loop).($c=loop) end
apply
   $p.exec Interchange($c);
end
</code>

==== Conditions ====

Using a condition block:

<code lara>
select function end
apply
    // ...
end
condition
    $function.name == 'kernel'
end
</code>

Combining conditions using && (and) and || (or) operators:

<code lara>
select loop end
apply
    $loop.exec Unroll(2);
end
condition
    $loop.is_innermost &&
    $loop.type=="for"
end
</code>

Using "filter" conditions on the join point chain:

<code lara>
select function{name=='kernel'} end
apply
    // ...
end

// OR
select function{'kernel'} end // uses the default attribute of the join point
apply
    // ...
end
</code>

==== Aspect Inputs and Outputs ====

Input parameter definition:

<code lara>
input
    funcs,
    opt
end
</code>

Input parameter definition with default values:

<code lara>
input
    funcs = ['kernel'],
    opt = ['unroll', 'interchange', 'tile']
end
</code>

Output definition. Output cannot be initialized inside the **output** block:

<code lara>
output
    optFuncs,
    code
end

optFuncs = [];
code = '';
</code>

==== Calling Aspects ====

Simple aspect call:

<code lara>
call OptimizeProgram();
</code>

Calling an aspect with arguments:

<code lara>
call OptimizeFunctions(functions, optimizations);
</code>

Calling an aspect with named arguments:

<code lara>
call OptimizeFunctions(opt: optimizations, funcs: ['gridIterate']);
</code>


Calling an aspect and retrieving the outputs:

<code lara>
// Current syntax
var optimizer = call OptimizeFunctions(functions, optimizations);

// Previous syntax
call optimizer : OptimizeFunctions(functions, optimizations);

var changedFuncs = optimizer.optFuncs;
var finalCode = optimizer.code;
</code>

Assigning an aspect call to a variable for later use. Can still use input arguments and outputs as shown before:

<code lara>
var optimizer = new OptimizeFunctions(functions, optimizations);

call optimizer(); // or optimizer.call()

var changedFuncs = optimizer.optFuncs;
var finalCode = optimizer.code;
</code>

Aspects can also be called inside Javascript files (.js). You need to build the aspect object and reference the complete path, separated by dollar signs ($): 

<code lara>
// Calling aspect MeasureEnergy from inside a .js file

(new lara$profiling$Energy$EnergyTest()).call();
</code>
==== Using LARA Actions ====

Actions are used inside apply statements. There are two default actions, **insert** and **def**. Then, it is possible to use weaver-specific actions, which are called with the **exec** keyword:

<code lara>
select function{'kernel'} end
apply
    insert before '/* Creating a clone. */';  // add a comment before the function
    def name = 'original_kernel';  // redefine the name of the kernel function
    exec clone('cloned_kernel');  // use a MANET-specific action to create a 'kernel' clone named 'cloned_kernel'
end
</code>

When calling an action we can specify any join point in the chain to be the action target:

<code lara>
select function.loop end
apply
    $loop.exec tile(8);
    $function.insert before '/* This function was transformed. */';
end
</code>

It is possible to omit the target, the last join point in the chain is used:

<code lara>
select function.loop end
apply
    exec unroll(2);  // performed on the same loop as below
    $loop.exec tile(8);  // performed on the same loop as above
end
</code>


If the action returns a result, we can use the following syntax:

<code lara>
   var result = $jp.exec <action_name>;
</code>

If 'result' is a variable that already exists, 'var' can be omitted:

<code lara>
   result = $jp.exec <action_name>;
</code>

The keyword '.exec' can be omitted if you prefix the name of the action with the target join point, and add parenthesis:

<code lara>
  result = $jp.<action_name>();
</code>

==== Calling shell commands ====

You can invoke shell commands from LARA using the function cmd. The first argument is the command, and the second an array with the arguments for the command:

<code lara>

cmd("ls", ["-l", "-v"]);

</code>


==== Using LARA from the Command Line ====

=== Include Folder ===

To add include folders, use the flag -i. To add more than one folder, use double quotes and separate the folders with the file separator character of your current system

<code>

larai -i "libs1;libs2"

</code>

=== Passing Arguments to the Aspect ===

To pass arguments to the top-level aspect use the flag -av. The input is a JSON representation of the input:

<code>

larai -av "{inputFile:'data.json',execute:true,iterations:10}"

</code> 


==== Codedef Sections ====

To insert sections of code that span several lines, you can define codedef sections, which act as templates. Example:

<code lara>

codedef CodeTemplate(param1, param2) %{
// This code is inserted as-is, without escaping

// To apply the values of parameters, use [[]]
var [[param1]] = [[param2]];

}% end

</code>

Declared codedefs can then be used in the code as functions:

<code lara>

code = CodeTemplate("varName", 2);

</code>

====== Miscellaneous ======

==== Regular Expressions ====

Lara supports JavaScript regular expressions, for instance:

<code lara>

var regex = /(return\s+)(10)(\s*;)/;
regex.test("return 10;"); // Returns 'true'

</code>

Since **exec** is a LARA keyword, calling **regex.exec** is not permitted. However, you can access object properties using strings to circumvent this limitation:

<code lara>

(regex['exec']("return 10;"))[2]; // Returns '10'

</code>

Alternatively, you can also use the **match** function in strings:

<code lara>

String('aaaa').match(new RegExp('a*')) // Returns 'aaaa'

</code>

Or you can also use the **match** boolean operator ( **~=** ):

<code lara>

'aaaa' ~= /a*/ // Returns true

</code>

==== Importing LARA Files ====

LARA supports importing LARA files that are present in the include path using the keyword **import**. To import a file, you have to use the path to the file from the include folder, using *.* as separator and omitting the extension of the file. For instance, if you add as include the folder *~/foo* and you want to import the file *~/foo/bar/Aspect.lara*, you can write the following code:

<code lara>

import bar.Aspect;

</code>

Import statements must be the first statements in a LARA file. LARA weavers come bundled with support for a set of imports, which are part of their API (e.g., [[http://specs.fe.up.pt/tools/clava/doc/|Clava API]]).



==== Reading/Writing JSON Files ====

LARA supports reading from and writing to JSON objects with the object **Io**:

<code lara>

import lara.Io;

...

Io.writeJson("file.json", anObject);
var loadedObject = Io.readJson("file.json");

</code>
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